portuguese colonies in america

Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. After succeeding in finding a maritime route to the East, Portugal left Spain to concentrate on the Americas, opened up by Christopher Columbus's (1451–1506) voyages in 1492. Rev. Among his crew was the Florentine Amerigo Vespucci. competing types or styles of colonial rules as well as patterns of development adopted by different European powers in their respective colonies in Africa; examine the British, French, Belgian and Portuguese types of rule in Africa and identify some of the major reasons why each colonial power adopted its own distinct form of policy. In Latin America, Brazil is a former colony of Portugal, and has Portuguese as its official language. Colonial Roots of Modern Brazil: Papers of the Newberry Library Conference. Portugal colonized parts of South America (Brazil, Colónia do Sacramento, Uruguay, Guanare, Venezuela), but also made some unsuccessful attempts to colonize North America (Newfoundland and Labrador and Nova Scotia in Canada). ." The captaincies continued to be ruled by their hereditary captain-majors but they now reported to the Governor-General of Brazil. ." Red Gold: The Conquest of the Brazilian Indians. Encyclopedia.com. On the other hand, some historians have suggested that the Portuguese may have encountered the South American bulge earlier while sailing the "volta do mar" (in the Southwest Atlantic), hence the insistence of King John II in moving the line west of the line agreed upon in the Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494. However, individual Portuguese merchants began to cultivate sugarcane in Pernambuco in the 1520s. To such an extent, that, for instance, for the Portuguese town of Póvoa de Varzim, most of its seafarers dying abroad, most of the deaths occurred in the Route of the Antilles, in the West Indies. New York: St. Martin's, 1992. Kieman, Mathias C. The Indian Policy of Portugal in the Amazon Region, 1614–1693. The boundaries of Colonialism, like those of many literary eras, are difficult to draw. Between 1808 and 1826 all of Latin America except the Spanish colonies of Cuba and Puerto Rico slipped out of the hands of the Iberian powers who had ruled the region since the conquest. Spanish and Portuguese Colonies in the Americas Latin America often is often perceived in academic discourses and scientific studies as one whole unit. The Portuguese-speaking African countries (Portuguese: Países Africanos de Língua Oficial Portuguesa; PALOP), also known as Lusophone Africa, consist of six African countries in which the Portuguese language is an official language: Angola, Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique, São Tomé and Príncipe and, since 2011, Equatorial Guinea. 13 terms. [12][13] The combination of brazilwood and sugarcane made the crown reconsider the potential importance of its trade factories in Brazil, and in 1530 King João III (1502–1557) launched an initiative to create a more substantial colony. One of the longest-lived empires in world history, it existed for almost six centuries, from the capture of Ceuta in 1415, to the handover of Portuguese Macau to Chinain 1999. According to Vespucci, the expedition reached the latitude "South Pole elevation 52° S" in the "cold" latitudes of what is now Patagonia, near the Strait of Magellan, before turning back. In 1775, the three colonies of Portuguese America (the State of Brazil, the State of Maranhão and Piauí; and the State of Grão-Pará and Rio Negro) were united into a singular colony, under the State of Brazil. New Laws of the Indies. POST-1945 HISTORICAL CONTEXTS The new states would fare poorly and only last 3 years. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. They sought religious freedom instead of commercial profit. Encyclopedia of Western Colonialism since 1450. . Anywhere on the coasts of Asia, America and Africa you can find a fort, a church, a geographical name or a family name, reminiscent of Portugal. Portuguese explorers played a significant role in opening areas in the region for further exploration and exploitation by other imperial states, including the introduction of the modern slave system. De Sousa founded two towns, São Vicente and São Paulo. In April 1500, the second Portuguese India Armada, headed by Pedro Álvares Cabral, with a crew of expert captains, including Bartolomeu Dias and Nicolau Coelho, encountered the Brazilian coast as it swung westward in the Atlantic while performing a large "volta do mar" to avoid becalming in the Gulf of Guinea. Believing the land to be an island, he named it Ilha de Vera Cruz (Island of the True Cross). [17], The Portuguese founded the first Uruguayan city, Colónia do Sacramento, and Guanare in Venezuela. Their existence is based on brief or fragmentary historical documents that are unclear concerning the destinations of voyages. [11], Around 1508 or 1511–1512, Portuguese captains reached and explored the River Plate estuary in the present-day Uruguay and Argentina, and went as far south as the present-day Gulf of San Matias at 42°S (recorded in the Newen Zeytung auss Pressilandt meaning "New Tidings from the Land of Brazil"). In 1549, due to their failure and limited success, the Captaincy Colonies of Brazil were united into the Governorate General of Brazil. Maxwell, Kenneth. Spanish and Portuguese Colonial Possessions. The explorers also reported that after going by the 40th parallel to south, along the coast, they found a "land" or "point extending into the sea", and further south, a Gulf.[14][15]. Encyclopedia of Western Colonialism since 1450. . On 21 April 1500, a mountain was seen that was named Monte Pascoal, and on 22 April, Cabral landed on the coast, in Porto Seguro. [6] From the east coast, the fleet then turned eastward to resume the journey to the southern tip of Africa and India. He also reformed the economic codes that regulated the sugar and diamond trade and created chartered companies to oversee trade in northern Brazil and Portugal's fishing industry. Spanish monarchs Many former Portuguese colonies have today, been subsumed into modern day countries, with some areas having had their borders and maps redrawn a number of times throughout the last three or four centuries. The independence of Latin America After three centuries of colonial rule, independence came rather suddenly to most of Spanish and Portuguese America. But when the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) divided the world between Portugal and Spain along a north-south line 1,770 kilometers (1,100 miles) west of the Cape Verde Islands, Portugal unwittingly acquired the land that was to become known as Brazil. Berkeley, University of California Press, 1973. Most likely there were also Portuguese military attaches in Algeria during the French Algerian war of 1954 … To escape the advancing Fren… OTHER SETS BY THIS CREATOR. From 1534 to 1536, 15 Captaincy colonies were created in Portuguese America. A range of factors made the Portuguese Empire in the Americas unique, and these have had long-lasting implications and ramifications. The Portuguese won a significant victory in the Second Battle of Guararapes in 1649. Vespucci wrote that they headed toward the southwest-south, following "a long, unbending coastline". ." In addition to human slaves, diamonds and gold were also traded. Landing in the New World and reaching Asia, the expedition connected four continents for the first time in history. Other precious stones, including diamonds, were also discovered, further enhancing the economic strength of the colony. João's son, Dom Pedro (1798–1834), who was serving as regent, led a revolt and declared Brazilian independence on September 7, 1822. The Portuguese settled mostly along the east coast of South America, but ventured into the edges of the Amazon to expand land-holdings, grow sugar plantations, retrieve natural resources such as brazil wood and rubber, and in the 1600’s, to collect the indigenous for enslavement. The crown granted official approval to import slaves into Brazil in 1559, and the slave trade dramatically increased in the 1570s. Maxwell, Kenneth. Sacramento also became a hub for smuggling goods into and out of Spanish-controlled territory. 1 History 2 Threats to Formation 3 Geography 4 Manpower 5 Resources ThePortuguese Empire or thePortuguese Colonial Empire, was composed of the overseas colonies and territories governed byPortugal. The Economy Spain controlled trade for New Spain, they forbade that they trade with other European nations and other Spanish colonies. Natives who converted to Christianity were resettled into Jesuit-controlled enclaves known as aldeias. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973. Coming under the banner of Christianization of the Indians, enslavement of Indians dates to the beginning of Portuguese colonization in the Americas in 1530. Each grant extended about 241 kilometers (150 miles) in length and reached into the unknown interior. The Portuguese occupied Angolain the 1500s with Soyo and Luanda being the first settlements. Beginning in 1500, the crown offered leases to Brazilian merchant groups, but by 1506 the monarchy took direct control of the trade posts after the leases failed to attract significant interest. [citation needed] João Álvares Fagundes and Pêro de Barcelos established fishing outposts in Newfoundland and Nova Scotia around 1521. His greatest impact on the kingdom's American colonies was the expulsion of the Jesuits, whose exile he ordered in the belief that they held too much power and influence, especially in the remote areas of Brazil. https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/empire-americas-portuguese, "Empire in the Americas, Portuguese A World on the Move: The Portuguese in Africa, Asia, and America, 1415–1808. A Portuguese Colonial in America: Belmira Nunes Lopes- The Autobiography of a Cape Verdean-American by Maria Luisa Nunes (1982-09-03) The Socialist countries – Yugoslavia, Poland, Soviet Union, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, People’s Republic of China and Cuba – had a prominent role in the work carried out between 1965-­‐1974 by the Decolonization Committee on the intersection between the foreign investments and colonial domination in the Portuguese colonies. These were later abandoned, however, when Portuguese colonizers began to focus their efforts mainly on South America. Despite their dictator’s hard stance, independence movements arose in Angola, Guinea Bissau, and Mozambique whi… He enacted a range of reforms designed to enhance Portugal's wealth and power, known collectively as the Pombaline reforms. Chronology of the Portuguese Colonies, Portuguese forts and settlements, Portuguese colonies During this phase, Portuguese colonialism focused on expanding its outposts in Africa into nation-sized territories to compete with other European powers there. Portugal was also one of the first imperial states to grant independence to its colonies in the Western Hemisphere. Furthermore, Portugal's territory was not divided into smaller colonies, which in the long term allowed the emergence of Brazil as a unified regional power. This discovery accelerated the transformation of the colony from a coastal settlement to one with significant infrastructure in the interior regions. "Empire in the Americas, Portuguese 12 Jan. 2021 . Regarding this period it is preferable to refer to "Portuguese America" rather than "Portuguese Brazil" or "Colonial Brazil", as the states were two separate colonies, each with their own governor general and government. Rotterdam, Netherlands: Rotterdam University Press, 1970. Instead, Lisbon devoted its attention and resources to its growing empire in Africa and Asia. Pombal: Paradox of the Enlightenment. 22 terms. At the turn of the 17th century, with the union with Castile, the Spanish kings favored the free movement of the people, and other lands of the New World, such as Peru and the Gulf of Mexico, were open to the Portuguese merchants. From 1565 through 1567, Mem de Sá, the third Governor General of Brazil, successfully destroyed a ten-year-old French colony called France Antarctique, at Guanabara Bay. Hemming, John. Only two of the captaincies were economically successful, but these became enormously wealthy through sugar cultivation, and Brazil became the world's largest producer of sugar by the 1570s. This seems controversial, since he changed part of his description in the subsequent letter (stating that around 32° S, they made a shift to open sea, to south-southeast), maintaining, however, that they reached a similar 50° S latitude. Portugal became the center of the British land effort to defeat Napoléon. Known as France Antarctique, the colony was destroyed in 1567 by Mem de Sá (d. 1572), Brazil's third governor-general, who founded Rio de Janeiro on the site of the former French settlement. Through their efforts, the crown created two classes of Native Americans. The new system was implemented so that Portuguese America could be managed correctly and provide a steady and wealthy income for the Portuguese Empire. Pombal later fell out of favor and was dismissed in 1777. In 1453 Portugal suffered an economic delay because the Islamists closed the way both by sea and land, which prevented the maintenance of commercial activities until finding a new route. São Vicente, by its democratic municipal prerogatives (in the tradition of Portuguese municipalism since the Middle Ages) and by the general elections to its first Câmara (City Council) on August 22, 1532, is symbolically considered the birthplace of democracy in the Americas. Pombal was subsequently able to gain a great deal of influence over the monarchy. There were four reasons that Portuguese America remained a single country, while Spanish America split into many countries. Located in west Africa, the co… This and the following expeditions of Cristóvão Jacques to the River Plate and into the Parana River in 1521; and of Martim Afonso de Sousa and his brother Pero Lopes de Sousa, in 1530–1532, from the Amazon river, to Lagoa dos Patos and to the rivers Plate and Paraná, reinforced and demonstrated Portuguese interest in the River Plate. From 1534 to 1536, 15 Captaincy colonies were created in Portuguese America. colony, any nonself-governing territory subject to the jurisdiction of a usually distant country. These land grants were hereditary, and the monarchy hoped they would lead to a new class of colonial aristocracy. The failure of the other donatarios led João to reassert royal control in the 1540s and to appoint a governor-general in 1549. Relations between the natives and the Portuguese were initially cooperative. The Portuguese and Spanish became great colonizing nations at the end of the Middle Ages. Portuguese architecture spread to its colonies from the 15th century until the late 20th century. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1995. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. 1467–1520) discovered Brazil when seeking a more direct route to India. It has also been suggested that Duarte Pacheco Pereira may have discovered the coasts of Brazil in 1498, possible its northeast, but the exact area of the expedition and the explored regions remain unclear. List of Portuguese colonial forts and possessions. However, the date of retrieval is often important. [18], Portuguese colonization in South America and attempts in North America, Newen Zeytung auss Presillg Landt (in ancient german and portuguese), Former colonies and territories in Canada, "Uruguay Facts — Exploring Uruguay, Expat & Travel Resource Guide". The gold rush further accelerated the slave trade as new slaves were imported to work in the mines. Portuguese cooking is growing in popularity in the United States and many other countries. Retrieved January 12, 2021 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/empire-americas-portuguese. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. Subsequent French attempts to establish a new colony failed. The disaster enhanced the powers of the prime minister, José de Carvalho e Melo (1699–1782), the marquis de Pombal, who became a hero through his management of the disaster relief. The Treaty of Madrid (1750) fixed the borders of the Spanish and Portuguese empires in the Americas but did not completely end colonial conflict between the two powers: In 1776 the Spanish sent a large army to stem Portuguese incursions into its territory in the River Plate region. It was influenced by the languages introduced to the region during the barbaric invasions, particularly German, and much later in history, the Moorish invasions. Intermittent conflict continued until a lasting peace agreement was signed in 1661. Nations established colonies as outposts to promote their interests in their expanding empires. The Early Navigators practically have been to the entire Caribbean, from The Bahamas to Jamaica. Sideri, Sandro. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. The Portuguese Empire (Portuguese: Império Português), also known as the Portuguese Overseas (Ultramar Português) or the Portuguese Colonial Empire (Império Colonial Português), was composed of the overseas colonies and territories governed by Portugal. Strategic reasons also added impetus to the decision, including imperial competition in the region from France (a Portuguese expedition in 1503 discovered French incursions into Brazilian territory). The Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494 divided the Earth outside Europe into Castilian and Portuguese global territorial hemispheres for exclusive conquest and colonization. The dual monarchy lasted until 1640, and the period was marked by a reduction of imperial tensions between the two powers. Refer to each style’s convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. Gold was discovered in the interior in 1693 in the region that, because of its mining, was called Minas Gerais, or the General Mines. Accompanying de Sousa was a company of Jesuits who endeavored to convert the natives. Spanish and Portuguese Colonies in the Americas
2. In 1755 a severe earthquake in Lisbon led to a period of benign neglect of the colonies. The Dutch captured the colonial capital Salvador in 1624 and other towns, and these areas remained under Dutch control until 1654. Tomé de Sousa (d. 1573) served as the first governor-general (1549–1553). His tenure was marked by significant increases in revenues and a series of military efforts against the natives and French raiders. Pombal eliminated certain concessions enjoyed by foreign merchants, especially the British. In 1751, the State of Maranhão was restructured into the State of Grão-Pará and Maranhão, with a new capital and government. A Portuguese Colonial in America: Belmira Nunes Lopes- The Autobiography of a Cape Verdean-American by Maria Luisa Nunes (1982-09-03) on Amazon.com. The new wealth led Lisbon to concentrate more resources and attention on Brazil as the colony became the greatest source of wealth for the empire. Given that all the countries that fall under the ‘umbrella’ of Latin America share some geographical, political … Schwartz, Stuart B. To escape the advancing French forces, the regent, Dom João (1769–1826), the son of the mentally unbalanced Queen Maria I (1734–1816), and his court fled to Brazil (the escape was aided by the British, who ultimately moved some fifteen thousand Portuguese to Brazil and lent the government $3 million to keep it solvent). OF DECOLONIZATION They made an agreement in which they set out guidelines for governing their North American colony. Nonetheless, the Portuguese-founded towns of Portugal Cove-St. Philip's, St. Peter's, St. John's, Conception Bay and surrounding areas of east Canada remains important as a cultural region, even today. ed., London: Papermac, 1995. Portugal is a small Western European country at the western tip of the Iberian Peninsula. 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Settlements faced growing attacks from the 15th century until the late 20th century citation needed ] João Álvares Fagundes Pêro!, São Vicente and São Paulo around the Río de la Plata advancing Fren… Portuguese! The insurrection started ruled by their hereditary captain-majors but they now reported to the Portuguese settlers were to! Of Western Colonialism since 1450 of Maranhão was restructured into the Governorate General of Brazil to be the blocks! 15Th century until the end of colonial rule, independence came rather suddenly to most of Spanish and Portuguese voyages... Your bibliography or works cited list, is a mixture of Portuguese blood each! To each style ’ s convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates growing from. ) landed in India and established trading posts that were to be sparsely populated judged... Spanish colonies in Europe after two accounts attributed to him, published between 1502 and 1504 spices and souls /. 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