duchy of lüneburg

Not until the acquisition of numerous counties and rights in the 13th and 14th centuries did the rulers of Lüneburg succeed in building a unified state. George William, often called the "heath duke" (Heideherzog), led the princely court during its final flourish. Then in 1610, they agreed that the Principality of Lüneburg and all its dependencies should be his and his descendants as an indivisible whole. It existed from 1269 until 1705 and its territory lay within the modern-day state of Lower Saxony in Germany. The Kammerrat was responsible for key policy decisions, particularly in financial matters and the area of foreign policy, while the duties of the chancery were restricted merely to administration. Cases for subjects that came under the jurisdiction of the 'closed aristocratic courts' in Wathlingen and Gartow were heard by the respective lords of the manor (Gutsherren). One priority for Duke Ernest "the Confessor" was to pay off the principality's massive debts. The old office Kammerrat was replaced by a privy councillor (Geheime Rat) who was primarily responsible for matters of foreign policy. Otto asserted his rule through the prosecution of numerous feuds against the lesser nobility, which enabled him to achieve consolidate his ducal authority within the state. [2][5], The town of Lüneburg supported the Wittenbergs and took the opportunity to escape from the immediate influence of the duke, destroying the ducal castle on the Kalkberg on 1 February 1371 and forcing him to relocate his residence to Celle. Consequently his efforts were aimed primarily at the redeeming them again (Wiedereinlösung). During his reign the baroque theatre was built that is still open today, the French Garden was laid out and palace façade designed in its current baroque form. Another top priority was their political support for the towns, which were striving to develop themselves economically. Otto von Bismarck, Prussian prime minister and chancellor of the Reich, was granted large estates in Lauenburg and, upon his retirement in 1890, was also granted the ducal title, which he never used. It existed from 1269 until 1705 and its territory lay within the modern-day state of Lower Saxony in Germany. After the murder of their brother Frederick I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, brothers Bernard and Henry redivided the land, Henry receiving the territory of Wolfenbüttel. This family acquired the inheritance of the Guelph family by marriage — around the year 1000 — of Azzo II with Kunigunde of Altdorf, daughter of Welf II. Sichart, Louis v., Geschichte der königlich-hannoverschen Armee, Hannover 1866, p. 1 ff. John (c. 1242 – 13 December 1277), a member of the House of Welf, was Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg from 1252 until his death. This would continue the ducal lineage and maintain the unity of the Principality. Because of his role in the Hildesheim Diocesan Feud and the associated political opposition to Emperor Charles V, Henry was forced to abdicate in 1520 in favour of his sons Otto and Ernest the Confessor. The Principality of Lüneburg (later also referred to as Celle) was a territorial division of the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg within the Holy Roman Empire, immediately subordinate to the emperor. The Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg (German: Herzogtum Braunschweig und Lüneburg), or more properly the Duchy of Brunswick and Lüneburg, was a historical duchy that existed from the late Middle Ages to the Early Modern era within the Holy Roman Empire.The duchy was located in what is now northwestern Germany.Its name came from the two largest cities in the territory: Brunswick and Lüneburg. This institution remained as the highest state authority even after Ernest's sons took power. Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburgball was born as a 2ball, later adopted by Germaniaball, Franciaball, East Franciaball and HREball. There was no clear division of responsibility; the choice of court was left to the plaintiff. [18], Special cases were brought before the so-called "closed aristocratic courts" (geschlossenen adeligen Gerichte) in Gartow and Wathlingen. After the disbandment of the common army for the overall House of Brunswick-Lüneburg in 1644, elements of its regiments joined the Principality of Lüneburg and formed the Lüneburg Army. Their powers of jurisdiction were transferred to the Ämter as the latter became established. They drew lots: the lot fell to the second youngest brother, George, who married Anne Eleonore of Hesse-Darmstadt in 1617. House of Brunswick At the 1527 Landtag recess, even those nobles who had been hostile declared their support for the new faith. The Duchy of Lüneburg, Lüneburg, Lunenburg, is a small constitutional monarchy on the northern border of the Holy Roman Empire.It is bordered by Denmark to the north and Brandenburg, Brunswick and Verden to the south. The chancery court also acted as a court of appeal as did, from 1536, the royal court in Celle that was permanently in session. When the Principality of Lüneburg emerged as a result of the division of Brunswick-Lüneburg in 1269, the domain of the Lüneburg princes consisted of a large number of territorial rights in the region of Lüneburg. Thus the principality was upgraded to the Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg , colloquially known as the Electorate of Hanover after Calenberg’s capital (see also: House of Hanover ). Duke Otto was followed by his sons, Otto III of Lüneburg and William of Lüneburg. [12], When Duke Henry went against a gentleman's agreement with his brother William and married Ursula of Saxe-Lauenburg in 1569, he had forsake sharing the government of the principality and was compensated instead with the Amt of Dannenberg and the Klosteramt of Scharnebeck. Example: type "5 cent*" to find coins of 5 cents and 5 centimes. [18] The chancery court handled all civil and criminal cases involving the nobility and the majority of senior officials. Relief shown pictorially. Ernst Schubert in Geschichte Niedersachsens, Vol. However, after Ernest's death in 1611, and given the difficulty of ever new divisions, the remaining brothers made another agreement in 1612. Lauenburg, former duchy of northern Germany, stretching from south of Lübeck to the Elbe and bounded on the west and east, respectively, by the former duchies of Holstein and Mecklenburg, an area that since 1946 has been part of the federal Land (state) of Schleswig-Holstein. When the United States announced its independence from Great Britain in 1776, the Duchy of Brunswick and Lüneburg was a sovereign, independent state. Get Prince of Wolfenbuttel essential facts. Harburg was defined as an hereditary possession and its territory increased by the district of Moisburg. Following the death of Otto, his two sons split the duchy in 1267 or 1269, into subordinate principalities; Brunswick going to Albert and Lüneburg to John. Detailed information about the coin 1 Brakteat, Wilhelm, Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg, with pictures and collection and swap management : mintage, descriptions, … In 1728 his nephew George Louis, elector of Hanover and, as George I, king of Great Britain and Ireland, was recognized as heir by Emperor Charles VI; thus, Lauenburg became attached to Hanover. [6] In the military conflict that followed, neither the Brunswicks nor the Wittenbergs were able to enforce their claims, and only the peace of Hanover in 1373, ended the war, at least for a time. In 1728 his nephew George Louis , elector of Hanover and, as George I, king of Great Britain and Ireland, was recognized as heir by Emperor Charles VI; thus, Lauenburg became attached to Hanover. Succeeded by; Duchy of Saxonyball: Hannoverball, Duchy of Brunswickball: The Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburgball was a HREball state. The Lüneburg War of Succession resulted in a large plenitude of power going to the estates within the principality . The Celle advocate (Vogt), the chancellor and the vice-chancellor also belonged to the government. [16], Beginning in the 13th century, advocacies (Vogteien) emerged in the Principality of Lüneburg as providers of local administration, sometimes in parallel with the existing magistracies and sometimes based on them. To search an expression, simply put quotation marks around it. A duchy under the Ascanian dynasty from the 13th century, Lauenburg was acquired by George William, the Welf duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg-Celle, in 1702. In 1593, a new office of Kammerrat was created, following the adoption of a new "Chancery and Government Ordinance", to which only the governor, the Celle advocate and the chancellor reported. English: The Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg (German: Herzogtum Braunschweig-Lüneburg), or more properly Duchy of Brunswick and Lüneburg, was an historical ducal state from the late Middle Ages until the late Early Modern era within the North-Western domains of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation, in what is now northern Germany. The official language is German. At the head of the ducal chancery, the Kanzlei, the highest authority mentioned in the documents was the chief secretary or Kanzleivorsteher. It was not until after the Battle of Winsen in 1388, when Wenceslas lost his life, that the Wittenbergs gave up their claims and the principality was finally secured by the Welfs. More serious crimes would be investigated by the Ämter and the sentence pronounced by the chancery court in Celle, once the case had been referred. )[19], For all civil and criminal legal disputes that involved the use of woodland, the "woodland courts" (Holzungsgerichte) were responsible, that met once or twice a year and whose boundaries were independent of the Ämtern. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. After Duke Bernard died in 1434, his eldest son, Otto became the ruling prince. The butler and the chamberlain were initially supplied by the vom Berge family and, when they died out, the von dem Knesebecks became the chamberlains and the von Behrs were the butlers. From 1378, the seat of the principality was in Celle. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree.... Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. For instance, the merchants of Lüneburg benefited considerably from work to make the River Ilmenau navigable between Lüneburg and Uelzen and from trade agreements between the Lüneburg princes and the dukes of Saxe-Lauenburg. After his death in 1705, George of Hanover, who was both the benefactor of Georges William's 1658 renunciation in favour of his younger brother Ernest Augustus and the husband of George William's morganatic daughter Sophie Dorothea, inherited the state of Lüneburg, which was merged into the Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg and finally lost its independence. The conscription of the Lehnsmiliz resulted from their feudal obligations to the dukes of Celle; that of the militia from their obligation to their landlords. Following his death, his three sons jointly ruled the Duchy. Göttingen, 1922, Martin Krieg: Die Entstehung und Entwicklung der Amtsbezirke im ehemaligen Fürstentum Lüneburg, p.108ff. The two brothers reigned jointly until the death of Otto III in 1352, leaving William in sole charge until his own death in 1369. William left 15 children, including seven sons: Ernest, Christian, Augustus, Frederick, Magnus, George, and John. Was replaced by a privy councillor ( Geheime Rat ) who was primarily for... After several early divisions, Brunswick-Lüneburg re-unified under Duke Magnus II Torquatus Brunswick. The royal family of Ernest the Confessor in 1546 a regency was formed for his minor sons duchy of lüneburg there the! As well as Willem and Joan Blaeu Welf Duchy of Saxonyball: Hannoverball, of... 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