victorian gothic literature

But there is no window. Cornwell, Bernard. 'The Willows' (1908)is about the unbearable swishing of trees on a canoe holiday down the Danube, while 'The Wendigo' (1910) takes us to Northern Ontario where an exhausted Kanuck tracker is snapped up by a vengeful Algonquian Demon, twenty-five feet high. They are black novels. The literature of the Victorian age (1837-1901) entered a new period after the romantic revival. Professor John Bowen discusses key motifs in Gothic novels, including the uncanny, the sublime and the supernatural. Akin to other Gothic literature, Dorian’s portrait becomes the grotesque phantom that haunts his existence. In Search of Mary Shelley: The Girl Who Wrote Frankenstein. London Profile Books, 2018. To further understand the context of The Picture of Dorian Gray, it is important to understand the social issues present within Victorian society. Victorian Goth. It is every bit the equal of its literary siblings. The story begins with an unnamed narrator arriving at his friend Roderick Usher who has been in isolation for an extended period of time and is deteriorating into madness. The Picture of Dorian Gray is a comedy of manners and a horror of beauty that corrupts the soul and the picture acts as a mirror to the soul to show the monster within. The literature also made its way to the subculture, Edgar Allan Poe being a huge hit and a very popular figure in the subculture. Here Professor Suzanne Daly explores the ‘Imperial Gothic’, examining the ways in which ‘otherness’ and Empire were depicted in Gothic novels such as Jane Eyre, The Moonstone, Dracula and Heart of Darkness. Intriguingly some people see it as one, some as the other, a girl remembers a peacock design all her life that is invisible to others, and family arguments grow out of the uncertainty. Like all literature, late 19th century Gothic literature is to some degree a product of its social and cultural environments. Botting, Fred. As a result, a need developed for engineers, accountants, lawyers, and politicians among other professions. Class, Culture, and Anxiety in the Victorian Era. Upon its publication, the text fell under scrutiny for being controversial, vulgar, and immoral but is now regarded as one of the most provocative and philosophical texts of the late nineteenth century. Subsequently, the text acts as a good example of the late Victorian prototypical Gothic novel that presents themes that challenge key cultural narratives. Lord Henry presents Dorian with an obscure book without a title that in his youth had shaped many of his opinions that he promotes (19). Due to the ever-evolving class structure and secularisation, societal moral panics surrounding sexuality, consumption, and etiquette were a common thread. The contemporary understanding is similar but has widened to include a variety of genres, such as paranormal and horror. Hogle, Jerrold E. The Cambridge Companion to Gothic Fiction. New York: Cambridge University Press 1992. London: Routledge, 1998. New York: Routledge 2010. Dorian deduces that if he can keep the beauty of the portrait unsoiled then he has successfully maintained the purity of his soul (78). New York: Palgrave 2000. Subsequently, public faith in Christian Orthodoxy began to wane in the wake of Enlightenment rationalist thinking that deliberately undermined the church and the monarchy. The result of this was a call for social segregation of the working class for any further successful development of London suburbs (Ackroyd 523). Hawthorne shows how admirably Gothic can focus without synthesis the light and dark sides of human nature. They’re … It was further developed by Clara Reeve, Ann Radcliffe, William Thomas Beckford and Matthew Lewis. The arts became a fixation of the Victorian middle-class population who believed that morality and virtue could be taught through its sophisticated appearance and could be simultaneously mirrored in the public forum. He would often use his observations to inspire characters for his own texts such as Oliver Twist (1837) A Christmas Carol (1843), and Great Expectations (1861). These texts were controversial as they often scrutinized and critiqued social and cultural structures of the period and simultaneously sensationalized them with romantic notions, sexual depravity, immorality, and grotesque monstrous forms. Oliphant calls it is a tale of 'seen and unseen', of reality and appearance. New York: Routledge, 1996. Lord Henry reinforces this point by bluntly suggesting to Dorian upon meeting him that “there is no such thing as a good influence… all influence is immoral…” (18). 1764 The Castle of Otranto: The first Gothic novel. The first multi-disciplinary scholarly consideration of the Victorian Gothic These 14 chapters, each written by an acknowledged expert in the field, provide an invaluable insight into the complex and various Gothic forms of the nineteenth century. Both Emily and Charlotte Brontë included intimations of the supernatural within narratives that were otherwise attentive to the realities of time, place and material constraint. London: Reaktion Books, 2002. In the time of early Victorian technology, steam-trains and the electric telegraph, many writers retreated into a backward-looking world of sentiment, chivalry and terror, often modelled on the Medieval Gothic of Ann Radcliffe and Walter Scott. Ironically Basil and Lord Henry are the two key influences over his character development throughout the text and in keeping with the theme of aestheticism, both present Dorian with a piece of art that aid in Dorian’s character development. Luckhurst, Rodger. Download books for free. In an age of increasing religious uncertainty, spiritualistic experiment and imperial fears, Gothic provided a safe space for both ancient demons and modern psychological anxiety. The Living Dead: The Study of the Vampire in Romantic Literature. The mummy is periodically brought to life by its owner, when it does service as a kind of hit-man, persecuting other undergraduates. Achetez neuf ou d'occasion Guy, Josephine M. The Victorian Age: An Anthology of Sources and Documents. Much of Poe’s writing and poetry depicts eerie, supernaturalistic scenes and elements. While this revolution was gaining momentum in England and social revolutions raged over the world, the Victorians also reigned over one of the most powerful economic empires in the world due to the cotton industry, that produced immense amounts wealth. England: Blackwell Publishing, 2012. In our world this is a fantasy, indulged and then abruptly curtailed as he drops through the air to his death. Robert Louis Stevenson also perpetuated this fear of internal threats from human nature itself with the publication of the Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Retrouvez The Victorian Gothic: An Edinburgh Companion et des millions de livres en stock sur Amazon.fr. Basil is at the center of this ironic juxtaposition, often composing monologues about beauty and then referring to Dorian’s personality (13). Retrouvez Victorian Hauntings: Spectrality, Gothic, the Uncanny and Literature et des millions de livres en stock sur Amazon.fr. Houghton, Walter E. The Victorian Frame of Mind: 1830-1870. The history of Gothic literature dates back to 18th century England. Though many of his social entourage know or have heard of his exploits, they don’t ostracize him due to the fact that “civilized society is never very ready to believe anything to the detriment of those who are both rich and fascinating… manners are more important than morals and… the highest respectability is of much less value than the possession of a good chef” (113). The text contends that influence is a predominantly negative force. Wilde identifies these hypocritical dualities of beauty and immorality, the sublime and the grotesque, and influence and the monstrous, and creates Dorian Gray as the embodiment of these observations and how a monstrous individual can remain morally infallible if they are physically beautiful. Gothic fiction, which is largely known by the subgenre of Gothic horror, is a genre or mode of literature and film that combines fiction and horror, death, and at times romance. Reay, Barry. Its origin is attributed to English author Horace Walpole, with his 1764 novel The Castle of Otranto, subtitled (in its second edition) "A Gothic Story". “Introduction.” In Late Victorian Gothic Tales, edited by Rodger Luckhurst. Don’t try and influence him. But these texts were considered disturbing and were something that you read behind closed doors and hid under your mattress as a sensational controversial piece of erotic literature that you would not show to anyone else. The influence of religion over the general populace was also subject to change; the focus on scientific research into the origins of creation, and post-Enlightenment rationale claimed that religion was part of prior superstition before natural phenomenon could be explained through the scientific process. Some of the best Gothic writing, like Nesbit's story, or Charlotte Perkins Gilman's very influential The Yellow Wallpaper (1892), deals with violation of domestic space. Gothic literature was a significant aspect of this counter-revolution in England, often being classed as romantic texts, while simultaneously invoking supernatural themes, reacting to the picturesque paradigm that was inherent in Victorian mentality which gave Wilde his inspiration (Whelan 100). London: Yale University Press, 1957. References and further Victorian Gothic texts to explore: Nathaniel Hawthorne, 'Young Goodman Brown' (1835) Covering a range of diverse contexts, the chapters focus on science, medicine, Queer theory, imperialism, nationalism, and gender. Basil makes this assertion to Lord Henry by saying, “…don’t spoil him (Dorian). ———. These … Gothic literature developed during the Romantic period in Britain. Beasley, Edward. Subsequently, late Victorian Gothic novels such as The Picture of Dorian Gray are often immersed in the darker elements of the urban landscape of London: Mary Shelley’s (1815) creature of science is cast out into the urban and rural landscapes amongst civility, Bram Stoker’s (1897) Count Dracula is an invading foreign entity with ancient supernatural abilities that could counteract modern progression, Robert Louis Stevenson’s (1886) Mr. Hyde is let loose on the streets of London to conduct murder and depravity. England: Wordsworth Classics 1890. 'Atavism', fear of regression to an earlier, less civilised state – the knights, we are told, belong back in 'Catholic times' – was a fear Victorian Gothic regularly played on. English aristocrat Horace Walpole combines the supernatural and horrific to create the first Gothic novel. E. A. Poe, 'The Fall of the House of Usher' (1839), 'The Pit and the Pendulum' (1842), 'Annabel Lee', 'For Annie' (poems) Punter, David. A favourite quotation in Victorian ghost-stories is Hamlet's 'There are more things in heaven and earth, Horatio, than are dreamt of in your philosophy.' Here, Wide is exploring his alchemic combination of aestheticism and Christian moral virtue through the use of the portrait as a gauge to detect sin. It is the outward appearance and wealth that determine the quality of the man despite any controversy. M. R. James, an accomplished scholar and academic in his day-job, very fond of this quotation, plants half-forgotten demons in cellars and dusty tomes, suggesting that men of learning, like Dr Jekyll, should be careful what they wish for, or at least search for. This, however, did not stop threats from being created to take advantage of the fear of the empire’s populace losing their position. The major setting for scenes as depicted in Gothic literature are Victorian style huge mansions. The extreme example is Ayesha, H. Rider Haggard’s femme fatale, in She (1887), who dreams of taking over the male-dominated British Empire from her fastness in Sub-Saharan Africa. Together the two symbolize the resounding influence that the two men have had over Dorian’s development. James Twitchell contends that the text best represents Gothic revival of the late-nineteenth-century sharing the same “deathless limbo, the same disdain for living, the same sadistic glee at the pains of others, and the same almost uncontrollable desire to destroy what is innocent and good” with the likes of Bram Stoker’s character, Dracula (173). Modern readers and critics have begun to think of Gothic literature as referring to any story that uses an elaborate setting, combined with supernatural or super-evil forces against an innocent protagonist. The Victorians became very aesthetically focused on surfaces and surface beauty. However, the Gothic tropes used earlier in the eighteenth century in texts such as Ann Radcliffe's The Mysteries of Udolpho were transported and interwoven into many late-nineteenth century narratives. Anne Bronte, The Tenant of Wildfell Hall. However, Twitchell does not take into account that Dorian’s attic is where the true face of the Gothic monster resides and where the climax of Basil’s murder eventually takes place after Dorian reveals the painting’s nature. Art was to be an influence upon the impressionable which Wilde highlights in the beginning of his text upon first introducing Dorian Gray. Poe's Gothic world was imported from Europe, but there was by now plenty of past to exploit in America. Through this duplicitous characterization, Wilde creates a more sinister creature outside the typical good and sublime, evil and grotesque binary of Victorian Gothic. The climax of the text surrounds Dorian’s decision to hide the portrait and allow it to bear his sin as he becomes more obsessed with his own beauty and youth stating that, “eternal youth, infinite passion, pleasures subtle and secret, wild joys and wilder sins – he was to have all these things… the portrait was to bear the burden…” (85). Here was an ever-present sign of the ruin men brought upon their souls” (78). The duality of morality and beauty was a key nature of this modern urban structure that was unfolding. …to have stemmed largely from Gothic European literature of the 18th and 19th centuries, about the time vampire hysteria was peaking in Europe. This cultural upheaval caused uncertainty and anxiety across the class threshold (Ackroyd 599). Gothic Literature Dissertation Ideas: 24 Fresh Suggestions. It is only after that the portrait is removed from view that Dorian finds the book that Lord Henry has sent him. For example, the portrait briefly acts as a moral compass that mirrors the soul after the death of his fiancé, Sybil Vane when Dorian realizes the underlying nature of the portrait; “but here was a visible symbol of the degradation of sin. Mary Elizabeth Braddon, 'The Shadow in the Corner' (1879), 'The Good Lady Ducayne' (1896) USA: New York University Press, 1998. The environment is key to the trope and sets the atmosphere as the supernatural trope needs the appropriate atmosphere to be effective: Dracula’s castle, Frankenstein’s lab, and the Phantom’s opera house to name but a few. The Victorian era is defined as the years of Queen Victoria's rule from 1837 to 1901 and is defined by advanced scientific discoveries and burgeoning cultural questions of moral values. Careers and opportunities. Bands like Rasputina may catch their attention, and other more opera-like bands and classical music, as was in the Victorian Era. H. G. Wells, 'The Door in the Wall' (1906) Wilde had intended the text to be simultaneously controversial and provocative as a critique of Victorian aesthetic obsession with beauty and its culturally believed correlation with moral sensibility. While Dorian and Lord Henry open up the public areas of his house to maintain outward appearances and charm the other members of the aristocracy with celebrated musicians, dinners, exotic artworks, and decorations of gold and silver, the portrait is hidden in the same space (103). Achetez neuf ou d'occasion In the beginning of the text, Basil Hayward has been in the process of finishing a portrait of Dorian, whose physical beauty has inspired him. With the influence of the portrait removed, Dorian finds himself captivated by this new influencer (102). “Withered, Wrinkled, and Loathsome of Visage: Reading the Ethics of the Soul and the Late-Victorian Gothic in the Picture of Dorian Gray.” In Victorian Gothic: Literary and Cultural Manifestations in the Nineteenth Century, edited by Ruth Robbins and Julian Wolfreys. The results can be seen in Tennyson’s fairy poems of the early 1830s, Charlotte Brontë hiding guilty secrets in the Gothic towers of Thornfield in Jane Eyre (1847), and the way Edgar Allan Poe's 'The Pit and the Pendulum' (1842) cruelly reconstructs the torture-chambers of the Spanish Inquisition. About as domestic as you can get is the setting of Madelene Yale Wynne's 'The Little Room'(1895) in which a 'little room' in a New England farmhouse regularly morphs into a china closet. It was a period of revolution; the steam engine changed the nature of transport, industry and the economy which also lead to rapid urbanization as the rural working class and immigrants began to migrate to the city center for refuge and work in the growing industrial city which held a population of over three million toward the end of the nineteenth century (Schwarz 1-2). White, Jerry. Wilde frequently has Basil consistently use adjectives that typically pertain to personality characteristics when discussing physical beauty. Dorian eventually realizes the emptiness of his life and believes that he may be able to change for the right reason after he meets a woman he is genuinely attracted too (174). Stark differences could be drawn between the sophisticated aristocratic dwellings in Kensington and the derelict mean streets of Whitechapel because of the way they are visibly perceived rather than their internal natures. Buckton, Oliver S. Secret Selves: Confession and Same-Sex Desire in Victorian Autobiography. James is particularly good at coming up with new variants on that staple of popular superstition, the curse, as in his signature story, 'Casting the Runes'. However, it is important to note that Lord Henry does not necessarily believe every word that he states, nor does he live by his own philosophy. The late Victorian period saw the publication of some of the most enduring and popular Gothic texts in English literature. Victorian Gothic: 1832-1901 "In the Victorian era, Gothic fiction had ceased to be a dominant literary genre. Wilde, Oscar. This fascination with this juxtaposition also extended to the home which was an example of how individuals could occupy both public and private space (30). The Gothic in mainstream Victorian fiction. He argues that Lord Henry’s true philosophy is one of “inaction… beyond good and evil… Lord Henry never acts and never falls” (124). The Victorians use of art as a tool for social education and moral enlightenment, and to reinforce the superficial nature of this idealistic moral society. Social entrepreneurs such as Charles Dickens advocated for the rights of women and children and spoke often about education reform for the working class (House 10). Oscar Wilde’s The Picture of Dorian Gray is a key example of these trends in Victorian Gothic literature. Arguably one of the main figures in this rise of Victorian Gothic literature was the American writer, Edgar Allan Poe. 'Atavism', fear of regression to an earlier, less civilised state – the knights, we are told, belong back in 'Catholic times' – was a fear Victorian Gothic regularly played on. Bram Stoker’s Dracula (1897) manifested an eastern threat that could upset modern technological might with ancient supernatural power. This appears in the trope of the doomed romance, as in Edgar Allan Poe’s “Annabel Lee,” or in the appearance of a demonic lover figure, such as the bloodthirsty vampire in Bram Stoker’s “Dracula.” 8- There were variants of Gothic genre. Writers were able to privilege mystery over explanation, ambiguity over what Keats called 'irritable reaching after fact and reason', capturing the dark side of the Victorian soul in all its energetic and self-revealing doubt. New York Cambridge University Press, 2002. Vampiric figures appeared in 18th-century poetry, such as Heinrich August Ossenfelder’s “Der Vampyr” (1748), about a seemingly vampiric narrator who seduces an innocent maiden. If reusing this resource please attribute as follows: Victorian Gothic: An Introduction at http://writersinspire.org/content/victorian-gothic-introduction by Julian Thompson, licensed as Creative Commons BY-NC-SA (2.0 UK). Gothic Literature in the Eighteenth Century, Edmund Burke, from On the Sublime and Beautiful (1757), Horace Walpole, excerpt from The Castle of Otranto (1764), Clara Reeve, excerpt from The Old English Baron (1778), William Beckford, excerpt from Vathek (1786), Mary Wollstonecraft, From A Vindication of the Rights of Woman: with Strictures on Political and Moral Subjects (1792), Caleb Williams; or, Things As They Are (1794), Anne Radcliffe, excerpt from The Mysteries of Udolpho (1794), Matthew Lewis, excerpt from The Monk (1796), Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Review of The Monk, Mary Shelley, excerpt from Frankenstein (1818), Jane Austen, excerpt from Northanger Abbey (1817), Charlotte Brontë, excerpt from Jane Eyre (1847), Robert Louis Stevenson, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1886), Oscar Wilde, excerpt from The Picture of Dorian Gray (1890). Most lists of Gothic fiction rightly include Jane Eyre and Wuthering Heights, but somehow manage to forget this book by the youngest Bronte sister. 1. Schwarz, L.D. As well as giving you greater expertise in the field of Victorian Gothic literature, this course also enhances your knowledge and skill in other areas. J. Sheridan Le Fanu, 'Authentic Narrative of the Ghost of a Hand' in The House by the Churchyard (1861), 'Green Tea' (1872), Carmilla (1872) Range of extracts and activities. Stevenson’s work was an inspiration to Wilde when conceptualizing the duality of Victorian society. 7- In the chaste Victorian era, Gothic literature provided an outlet for the exploration of sexuality. The point of the vampire is of course to introduce some notion the exchange of bodily fluids, 'slippery blisses' (Keats) that cannot at this time be mentioned in wholesome fiction. Find books Meanwhile Gothic had become so influential that we can detect its elements in much mainstream Victorian fiction. As a literary phenomenon, the Victorian gothic manifests itself in fin-de-siècle literature both as a subversive supernatural force and as a mechanism for social critique. To support OCR Literature A Level study. No Man’s Land, Elder Gods and Monsters: The Modern Gothic from 1900-1932. The Fall of the house of Usher is one of the most famous Victorian Gothic novels and Poe was the first writer to introduce psychological madness into gothic fiction. He puts it well. Or so the old people tell her. The Gothic trend of the late Victorian Gothic novel was a philosophical observation of the absurdities inherent within the society. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1980. Where other Gothic texts seek to expose insecurities of external pressures or anxiety, Wilde illuminates the danger of the superficial morality inherent with the confines of the fast progressing industrial urban empire. Beautiful but secretive, she hides herself away in the … The literature of this era was preceded by romanticism and was followed by modernism or realism. The American writer Mary E. Wilkins, a prolific writer of good ghost stories, has a particularly poignant one, 'The Lost Ghost', in which a confused and shivering wraith-child is looking for her mother – for any warm, living mother. The vampire makes a spectacular come-back. Oscar Wilde doubled his hero in The Picture of Dorian Gray (1891), where an immortal young aesthete goes about the dark parts of town with impunity, while his double, in the form of an increasingly grotesque work of art hidden in an attic, does his suffering for him. It is this dramatic irony and treatment of the portrait as if it were an autonomous being that sets the foundation for the symbiotic relationship that Dorian develops with the portrait as a reflection of his soul and the proposition of the portrait acting as a rival that Dorian is jealous of and cannot overcome or escape. London: Oxford University Press, 1960. Vampire poems began… The text focuses on a supposed psychological study of a Parisian man who experimented with the pleasures and sensations that are renounced as sin for the sake of nineteenth-century virtue (100). The Victorian period was wrought with a multitude of complex cultural oscillations surrounding societal expectation, technological innovation, religion, and moral panic. While other Gothic novels portray Victorian London was the embodiment of the empire to be invaded or corrupted due to its virtuous civility and morality and supreme nature, Oscar Wilde maintains that the city as an environment is already corrupted through its population’s moral ambiguity and unethical practices despite its beautiful aesthetic. As Lara Whelan states, the picturesque nature of the city became a representation of progress (100). Stevenson, Wilde and Bierce use realism to ground their stories, but Victorian Gothic likes to mix it with 'impossible things', as in the nonsense writings of Carroll and Lear. One that is harder to identify that could exist right next to the spectator to challenge the Victorian duality of morality and beauty through the paradox of Dorian’s influential sinful nature yet unblemished physicality. The Routledge Companion to Victorian Literature offers 45 chapters by leading international scholars working with the most dynamic and influential political, cultural, and theoretical issues addressing Victorian literature today.Scholars and students will find this collection both useful and inspiring. North Carolina University of North Carolina Press 1998. These changes in power, culture, and control meant the period was a turbulent time where previously believed truths and facts were under scrutiny. Lord Henry represents the nature of this hedonistic aestheticism, as he constantly makes controversial statements surrounding the nature of beauty and experiencing every sensation and pleasure. His associate Lord Henry is very interested to meet the boy who could inspire such artistic inspiration, but Basil is very protective of Dorian as he fears that his character could be manipulated under the wrong Influence. 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