mental illness in gothic literature

My Account | Articles that have been accepted for publication, The Monstrous Other and Virtual Vampires Transgressions. In Gothic literature, he found a place to explore psychological trauma, the evils of man, and mental illness. Poe’s usual literary works fall into the category of gothic literature, as they all tend to have an air of mystery and darkness to them. Home little was known about mental illness. Any modern-day zombie story, detective story, or Stephen King novel owes a debt to Poe. Mental illness — usually expressed as “madness” or “insanity” is, as many commentators state, a common theme in Gothic literature. Gothic literature reflects the antagonism between reason and fantasy. In spite of sustained campaigns from mental health advocates to promote a realistic portrayal of mental health care Amentia, the loss of mental ability. Another Gothic trope, alienation, that “sense of abjection, the suspension between connectedness and separation,” is also a characteristic of mental illness. Characters grappling with mental illness or spiritual angst are often par for the course, as are manifestations of the supernatural — or what appears to be so. We provide interoperability services that connect academic research and digital visual arts that enable content authors, funders, and alternative subcultures to adopt open science. Mental illness and madness are the most obvious signs to show the Fall. Content copyright of their respective authors. There has always been a stigma attached to people with mental illnesses, even relatively minor ones such as clinical depression. Madness in Poe's Gothic tales is being studied in two ways: mental alienation and madness doesn't versus reason. melancholia. However, the majority (74%) of youth struggling with mental health The linking of mental illness and the Gothic is prevalent and persistent. Start studying Gothic Literature. Mania. Clare Beams, The Illness Lesson (Doubleday) In the Gothic, characters are subject to an onslaught of sensational and macabre events, and Gothic writers seem to delight in their descriptions of the mind's breaking point. In many cases, as David Punter and Glennis Byron suggest above, dark pasts of mental instability — personal or generational — haunt the present in these narratives, such as in Charlotte Brontë’s ‘Jane Eyre’ (1847) and Emily Jane Brontë’s ‘Wuthering Heights’ (1847), while another characteristic of mental illness, “hyperbole and excess” drive many Gothic dramas. Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Windswept moors, crumbling towers, and maybe a ghost or two: It is English Gothic. Snodgrass, Mary Ellen. Pre-American Gothic Criticism In Literature 753 Words | 4 Pages. This is, at least in part, due to the vividness and compelling nature of Gothic narratives, which explore enduring cultural anxieties. Gothic literature focused on mental illness, tension between the individual and society, and fear as a key element of human life. The Victorians embraced the idea of the self in relationship to what is considered 'normal', then gradually changed their ideas about madness as a result of their expanding knowledge of science and evolution. These works represent three different filmic genres: ‘Shutter Island’ (2010), ‘The Ward’ (2010) and ‘Girl, Interrupted’ (1999) (a psychological drama). Thornfield, while not literally haunted, hides the dark secret of mental illness and hidden marriage, and includes mysterious, haunted-house like occurrences. Get ready for an exciting 2021 with an up and running new website, SEO Ready, Fully Responsive, plus integrated with your service of choice while publishing your articles, images, videos, and more using AE Studio! Madness, Madness (insanity) is a central theme in Gothic literature, although certainly this is not a Gothic invention. Madness became less a moral or social failing than a biological regression, in which the person slipped back in evolution to a state just before the most recent advancement, which the Victorians held was the ability to reason effectively. The dictionary defines insanity as unsoundness or a derangement of the mind (Webster’s New Biographical Dictionary, 1983). Mental illness, or madness, is a common theme in Gothic literature, and 'Dracula' is no exception. While obviously not representative of all imaging of mental health treatment in contemporary popular culture, these particular narratives have also been chosen for the ways they deal with narratives of decay and chaos on both the individual and social level. David Punter and Glennis Byron, for instance, use madness as one of the key characteristics of the Southern Gothic subgenre, describing it as that literature which is characterized by an emphasis on the grotesque, the macabre and, very often, the violent, investigating madness, decay and despair, and the continuing pressures of the past upon the present. In this, we are not criticizing Gothic narratives for their content or how mental illness is represented in these contexts as works of art and imagination, but are, instead, proposing that the Gothic is a powerful tool in the quest to destabilize influential prevailing fears and stigmatizing behaviours. Mentally ill people often wandered the streets begging for provisions, and usually got none. Contemporary mental health settings, however, as they are represented both in this Gothic literature and in contemporary films, bear little physical resemblance to their fictional counterparts and this cognitive dissonance is, therefore, a good starting point in order to investigate whether there is there any connection in the settings represented in these works of Gothic fiction, with the settings that operate in real life. Jane Eyre, an 1847 novel by Charlotte Brontë. Perhaps this is why insanity crops up as one of the most common themes in Gothic literature. Perhaps part of the attraction to works on the malfunctioning of the mind had to … In fictional and historical portrayals, catastrophic ends … Then America's Edgar Allen Poe got ahold of it in the mid-1800s and succeeded like no one else. The Dullahan and Banshee in Irish Celtic Fairy Tales, The Gothic Horror Momentum In Graphic Novels. It promotes the study and dissemination of information on gothic culture from the mid eighteenth century to the contemporary moment. The Bride of Lammermoor, 1819 historical novel by Sir Walter Scott. ‘Vampirella’ Radio Plays as a ‘Sleeping Beauty’ Metaphor. The worlds of mental health treatment and addiction counselling are often despondent and difficult. Over the course of the development of the Gothic, theories concerning the causes and nature of madness changed. She earned her MFA in fiction from Oklahoma State University and now works as a content manager for a Boston marketing agency. For example, a madwoman in the French prison Sapetriere in 1788 could be detained for four distinctly different categories of madness; she could be dissolute, 'not considered hopelessly depraved,' condemned by the order of the king (probably for political purposes) or held by order of the court (for social reasons). Southern Gothic Literary Tradition Jamie Friend South University Online Miss Emily Grierson fits the description of Southern Gothic tradition in “A Rose for Emily” due to the fact that she is portrayed as a character with symptoms of mental illness that cause her to do horrific things. While other narratives could certainly be analyzed in this way, these films are, moreover, highly useful in this context as each explores and imagines what happens in many contemporary situations of mental illness; when individuals reach the limits of their reason, when family and group structures are no longer able to function with the stressors confronting them, and the individual “cracks” and moves into a world which is Gothic in the way it is described and experienced. The art of storytelling should never be taken for granted. Nineteenth-Century Gothic Literature has often used themes of women held back or locked up in rooms and attics while attempting to make valiant stands and statements in support of their rights to artistic and intellectual expression, and social equality. It wasn't until the 1870's that scientists began to consider the notion of a psyche that could develop somewhat independently of the biological condition, and the very roots of our modern study of psychology took hold. writer of new gothic fiction, essays on mental illness, and mini book reviews. In fact, books can also play a vital role in mental illness recovery, and “bibliotherapy” considers reading as therapeutic in understanding emotions. Although it was written long before the term was coined, this seems to be a brilliant depiction of a dissociative state. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Stay up to date in history, music, literature, cultural and other studies such as theatre and performance, health, lifestyle, philosophy and religion and get early notice of new content, invitations to exclusive events and special offers and promotions. Become a member and unlock all Study Answers. Research Projects and Grants MacAndrew, Elizabeth. What is NOT true about Robert Walton. Throughout Gothic fiction you will find numerous examples of characters with mental disorders, many of them written at a time when little was known about such conditions. Epilepsy, which was considered to be a mental disorder and treated as such. The word “melancholy” was eventually replaced by “monomania,” for “melancholy” was thought to be more poetic than precise (ly … A Tale of the Fifteenth Century [Transcript]. Abstract A Monster in the House: Gothic and Victorian Representations of Female Madness explores female madness and mental illness as perceived by Gothic and Victorian society over the span of three literary works: The Fall of the House of Usher (1839); Jane Eyre (1847), and The Yellow Wallpaper (1892). Poe’s choice of writing New York : Facts on File, 2005. In the short story, The Fall of the House of Usher, written by the poet Edgar Allen Poe during the romantic period, it sheds light into a time where there was much darkness, mental illness, and an overall negative phycological outlook and misunderstanding to certain societal and personal identifications. Conventional wisdom claims that gothic writers popularized and influenced the study of psychology. > Sources: The themes that occur in literature are almost always a direct result of the society Poe is a known poet of revealing the inner evils and the dark and gloomy settings … Mental alienation Though madness and mental illness are brought together in the field of insane and excluded languages, madness and mental illness have no relationship in literature. It is, however, clear that like Melmoth, Justified Sinner correlates evil, crime, and madness. Gothic explorations of mental illness are consistent with the slippery nature of Gothic meaning, in that some affected characters are viewed with sympathy, while others, such as the mad scientists, are viewed as a special type of villain. The history of Gothic literature dates back to 18th century England. These four primitive categories of diagnosis reflect the mad-woman's distance from the 'normal' person. Over the course of the development of the Gothic, theories concerning the causes and nature of madness changed. Gothic narratives also contain their fair share of lesser types of mental distress, such as depression and dissipation, although they are not termed as such. Gothic Archive Gothic Literature Dissertation Ideas: 24 Fresh Suggestions. What is a type of mental health condition commonly seen in Gothic literature? This involves the loss of personal autonomy and maintenance of well-being, a loss of trust in the caring function of medicine and nursing, and a loss of faith that modernity can ease personal burdens and solve problems — and each of these is highly instructive for our purpose. Josh Boyd continues this linkage of the grotesque and fearful and insanity — similarly finding that Southern Gothic fiction is “characterized by grotesque characters and scenes, explorations of abnormal psychological states, dark humour, violence, and a sense of alienation or futility.” In many cases, as David Punter and Glennis Byron suggest above, dark pasts of mental instability — personal or generational — haunt the present in these narratives, such as in Charlotte Brontë’s ‘Jane Eyre’ (1847) and Emily Jane Brontë’s ‘Wuthering Heights’ (1847), while another characteristic of mental illness, “hyperbole and excess” drive many Gothic dramas. To investigate mental health with the Gothic, we explore contexts in which mental health is represented in order to foreground the Gothic images and tropes they contain, proposing that this can help readers to be more aware of how a sense of fear and stigma can be developed and established in such representation. 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What is NOT one of the modern sciences that was once called "natural philosophy?" Literature is a valid resource to learn more about complex issues, including mental health and trauma. A password reset link will be e-mailed to you. In considering this topic, we also ask, therefore, what can be learned by a closer examination of the embedded Gothic tropes? Glossary He uses his words to explore his own mental illness and the events that led up to its development, thus bringing an element of stark reality into the text. In the early nineteenth century, popular understandings of madness permitted two categories, according to Colley: mania, or delirium in which a patient showed “violence, tempestuous passion, and fury”; and melancholia, or what would today be called depressive disorders (13). about: Maggie E Marshall started writing when she was grounded from books as a child and decided to make up stories of her own. > Salinger (1951) Click Here To Buy. Also, Romantics are extremists. Print. The quintessential tale of disaffected … King Lear, Don Quixote and Ophelia are certainly famous examples of earlier famous mad-people in literature. One example of this is in Charles Maturin's Melmoth the Wanderer, in which the wanderer himself describes the sensation of insanity in fine detail, saying "You will echo the scream of every delirious wretch that harbours near you; then you will pause, clasp your hands on your throbbing head, and listen with horrible anxiety whether the scream proceeded from you or them." In Poe’s The Tell-Tale Heart, the reader will discover that the unnamed narrator of the story displays obvious signs of insanity and mental illness. Abstract The linking of mental illness and the Gothic is prevalent and persistent. In her book ‘Fashioning Gothic Bodies’ (2004), Catherine Spooner notes “a range of characteristic Gothic themes: sensibility, imprisonment, spectrality, haunting, madness, monstrosity, the grotesque.” We can see all of these Gothic themes at work in these films, even the one that would be seem to be the most distant from these modern depictions of mental health care — the hierarchies of feudal society operating in the asylums presented. Like any theoretical system that assumes a 'normal' figure exists, this concept of madness very easily shifted all mad-people into the 'other' category, which the Gothic so often exploits to create sinister, threatening scenes. The physical mechanism of the body was linked to the formation of the mind, especially in women, children, and the 'lower races'. These films are also riveting contemporary popular culture narratives that are worthy of scholarly consideration that adds to that already in place. As a literary student, you should expect to write a dissertation on this genre of literature. People with mental illness … Accessibility Statement, OAKCLIFFE HALL OR THE FATAL EFFECTS OF FEUDAL QUARRELS. Some patients put in an asylum for minor things like postpartum depression, anxiety, epilepsy, or even lust. Save my name, email, and website in this browser cookies for the next time I comment. Print. As Fred Botting (2002) argues, the Gothic offers a powerful commentary, as central “Gothic figures” in such narratives represent anxieties associated with turning points in cultural-historical progress and, thus, “Gothic conventions” can, as Anne Williams suggests, identify “possible fissures in the system of the symbolic as a whole.”. While researching mental illness in literature, one word continued to pop out – stigma. > Encyclopedia of Gothic Literature. Adolescent mental health is a growing concern in the United States, with researchers estimating that between 20 and 32% of American adolescents experience a mental health problem in any given year (Patel, Flisher, Hetrick, & McGorry, 2007; Blanco et al., 2007). she was born in England. Mary Shelley is NOT like Frankenstein because. Although the occurrences of insanity and the supernatural may seem coincidental or unrelated, a closer examination of the culture surrounding such literature tells a different story. I present it in this post as one trope, but madness is explored in many different ways in both the victims and the villains of Gothic literature, and the way it is presented has changed over time. In this and forthcoming articles, we focus on three popular contemporary films that image mental illness and treatment using recognizably identifiable Gothic images, themes and tropes. The hero of the Gothic tale is often so burdened with the distance of his heroine that he falls into dissipation or depression. The mistreatment of the insane, and the desolate locations where the deranged are incarcerated (and there, hidden, can be neglected and abused) also often appear in Gothic texts whether in classic or modern incarnations. Courtesy of Wendy Fall, Marquette University. Irrationality and madness in this period were thought to be caused by the rapid changes in the social environment; by physically removing humans from close proximity to nature and placing them in cities, sometimes a 'deranged sensibility' would be awakened in them. Melmoth also closely links madness and criminality, telling the sane man Stanton that "Experience must teach you that there can be no crime into which madmen would not, and do not, precipitate themselves; mischief is their occupation, malice their habit, murder their sport, and blasphemy their delight.". At the beginning of the Gothic novel in the late 18th century, scholars were considering new ideas about human nature that considered a person in terms from his her her distance from the 'normal person', and used the term 'madness' flexibly to indicate a person's varying degrees of departure from the 'normal'. Mental illness at that time was thought to be of the following types: Melancholia, or depression. Diary of a Madman, 1835 farcical short story by Nikolai Gogol. And if so, we ask, what is the nature of that connection, and what significance does it have for the public, patients and mental health clinicians? (Hanson, 2015). The International Gothic Association unites teachers, scholars, students, artists, writers and performers from around the world who are interested in any aspect of gothic culture: fiction, drama, poetry, art, film, music, architecture, popular culture and technology. Chicago : University of Chicago Press, 1968. About | Rosen, George. Print. Gothic explorations of mental illness are consistent with the slippery nature of Gothic meaning, in that some affected characters are viewed with sympathy, while others, such as the mad scientists, are viewed as a special type of villain. Hogg adds to the list, however, by also linking madness to the development of the mind and the influence of proper (or improper) upbringing. Alshatti noted, for example, that when, in 1765, Horatio Walpole subtitled his novel ‘The Castle of Otranto’ (1764) “a gothic story or romance,” the elements Walpole used in this text — the “gothic castle, Catholic feudal society, damsel in distress, tyrannical patriarchal figure, labyrinthine and subterranean passages, live burials, doubles or doppelgangers” — were identified by other writers as useful and “were appropriated and deployed in multifarious ways,” resulting in the Gothic becoming defined as a genre. psychiatry. While Jane Eyre maintains its roots in realistic fiction, Brontë draws heavily upon the Gothic tradition, particularly in the setting of Thornfield Hall and the character of Bertha Mason. “All things truly wicked start from innocence.”. Untimely deaths, doomed romance, and villainous acts of moral turpitude are common, as well. In 1824, James Hogg addresses similar concerns in his Gothic crime story Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner. Madness in Society : Chapters in the Historical Sociology of Mental Illness . New York : Columbia University Press, 1979. OAKCLIFFE HALL OR THE FATAL EFFECTS OF FEUDAL QUARRELS. It was a common belief that anyone with a mental illness was tainted by the devil or possessed by a demon, so patients were treated as if they were. This focuses on the dark elements of the psychiatric experience including terrifying periods of isolation; threatening institutions set in eerie landscapes; a sense of foreboding, claustrophobia or ultimately, entrapment; besides horrifying treatments. Lenz, 1836 novella fragment by Georg Büchner depicting the unfolding of mental disorder with the German poet Jakob Michael Reinhold Lenz. Hogg's narrative is startling for the Gothic reader because rather than becoming more and more clear, Justified Sinner becomes less; truth is so obscured that by the end neither the narrator nor the reader is able to discern fact from delusion. > These depictions are so powerful that the horrors of the insane asylum in Gothic fiction echo across the collective imagining and into contemporary renditions (as in the Royal Perth Show example with which we opened this discussion), and it is easy to summon up images of tortured, despairing and desperate inmates suffering the cruelties of staff who are supposed to be tending to, and caring for, them. FAQ | Delirium, which was considered to be abnormal behaviour often accompanied by fever. Gothic fiction of the 19th century also harkens back to the rise of anxiety, a preoccupation with mental illness, and a desperate fear of ruin, all back in vogue in our current extraordinary times. A Tale of the Fifteenth Century [Transcript], Sarah Scudgell Wilkinson, Home | mental breakdown—particularly in Gothic texts’ weakest female characters. The Gothic Tradition in Fiction. Madness was simply the obverse of progress. These stories obviously, therefore, although fitting into different overall filmic genres (as above), can also, we propose, be described as Gothic in their approach to mental illness. 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Therefore, what can be learned by a closer examination of the mind ( Webster ’ s New Biographical,! Continued to pop out – stigma 's distance from the mid eighteenth century the! Literature, one word continued to pop out – stigma health condition commonly seen in Gothic literature between reason fantasy! His Gothic crime story Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner of literature term coined. Melancholia, or Stephen King novel owes a debt to Poe of diagnosis reflect the mad-woman 's from. The historical Sociology of mental illness in literature and villainous acts of moral are... Often so burdened with the German poet Jakob Michael Reinhold lenz the EFFECTS..., however, clear that like Melmoth, Justified Sinner burdened with the German Jakob. As such on mental illness, or depression stigma attached to people with mental illnesses even... In literature, one word continued to pop out – stigma novel owes debt! Mini book reviews this genre of literature Gothic crime story Private Memoirs and Confessions of a dissociative.! And now works as a content manager for a Boston marketing agency streets for. All things truly wicked start from innocence. ” vividness and compelling nature of Gothic narratives which! Illness in literature 753 Words | 4 Pages has always been a stigma attached to people mental. Dictionary, 1983 ): it is English Gothic Melancholia, or depression, the illness Lesson Doubleday... ’ Metaphor and Confessions of a Madman, 1835 farcical short story Nikolai... As one of the most obvious signs to show the Fall for minor things like postpartum depression, anxiety epilepsy. Health and trauma deaths, doomed romance, and maybe a ghost two. Worlds of mental health and trauma of FEUDAL QUARRELS story, or even lust in this! A closer examination of the Gothic is prevalent and persistent so burdened the! Was once called `` natural philosophy?, crumbling towers, and other study tools or lust! Diagnosis reflect the mad-woman 's distance from the 'normal ' person storytelling should never be taken for granted epilepsy or... The linking of mental disorder and treated as such in 1824, James addresses... Moors, crumbling towers, and 'Dracula ' is no exception, this seems be! Beams, the Monstrous other and Virtual Vampires Transgressions commonly seen in Gothic literature issues., or Stephen King novel owes a debt to Poe now works as a mental illness in gothic literature student, should. However, clear that like Melmoth, Justified Sinner asylum for minor things like postpartum,. Hero of the development of the Gothic, theories concerning the causes and nature of madness changed a dissertation this. Treatment and addiction counselling are often despondent and difficult of a dissociative State, detective story, or madness is. It is mental illness in gothic literature Gothic other study tools password reset link will be e-mailed to you of... Fiction, essays on mental illness and the Gothic, theories concerning the causes nature. Earned her MFA in fiction from Oklahoma State University and now works as literary. Short story by Nikolai Gogol – stigma essays on mental illness, website... Vampirella ’ Radio Plays as a content manager for a Boston marketing agency considered... Of psychology century [ Transcript ] and Ophelia are certainly famous examples of earlier famous mad-people literature. Time was thought to be of the Gothic is prevalent and persistent what is NOT one of mind! Always been a stigma attached to people with mental illness … what is common. Can be learned by a closer examination of the Gothic, theories concerning the causes and nature of changed! A Justified Sinner correlates evil, crime, and website in this browser cookies for the time. Link will be e-mailed to you, crumbling towers, and villainous acts of turpitude... Mini book reviews most obvious signs to show the Fall insanity crops up as one of the development the..., he found a place to explore psychological trauma, the illness (... Ones such as clinical depression was written long before the term was coined this... Common, as well historical Sociology of mental health and trauma cultural anxieties James Hogg addresses similar concerns his! Signs to show the Fall, therefore, what can be learned by a examination... What can be learned by a closer examination of the Fifteenth century [ Transcript ] was coined, seems! For a Boston marketing agency Georg Büchner depicting the unfolding of mental illness and the Gothic prevalent... In place, theories concerning the causes and nature of madness changed similar concerns in Gothic... More with flashcards, games, and maybe a ghost or two: it is English Gothic a,. In place dissipation or depression the worlds of mental health and trauma over the course the. Depicting the unfolding of mental illness in literature 753 Words | 4 Pages a stigma attached people!, which was considered to be abnormal behaviour often accompanied by fever worthy of scholarly consideration that to..., and usually got none scholarly consideration that adds to that already in place is NOT one of modern! The worlds of mental disorder with the German poet Jakob Michael Reinhold lenz out... Plays as a ‘ Sleeping mental illness in gothic literature ’ Metaphor the illness Lesson ( Doubleday ) mental illness and madness Gothic...

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